Decentralization was implemented in phases and was completed in 2003. Both primary and secondary data was involved in the study and the results were analyzed. Working papers describe research in progress by the authors and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. Decentralization in the past tended to be a zerosum game. The emphasis of the second five year development plan 196974 was on rural development, which required further administrative reforms at the local level in order to improve the capacity. It was during that period tanzania in 1972 adopted numerous topdown policies including. Specific economic conditions in rural areas also result in fewer. The aim of this policy is to deal with the stagnation in. Decentralization and rural service delivery in uganda ifpri. The policy inherently decentralized service delivery institutions and their governance in order to improve access to services for the rural poor. Abstract tanzania is currently implementing a local government reform aimed at improving public service delivery. Following the adoption of decentralization by devolution policy in 1998 hopes for the end of about four decades history of undermining local governments raisedup. Policies in united republic of tanzania global database. Decentralisation may be motivated by a desire to contain or appease local demands for greater cultural and political autonomy.
I wish to reiterate the fact that this is a national policy which embraces all sectors of governance and development. Decentralization is a mixture of administrative, fiscal and political functions and relationships. Norman, decentralisation by devolution in tanzania. The decentralization policy for education in tanzania era. Decentralisation in uganda under the assumption that devolution has the potential to contribute to poverty reduction by providing opportunities for popular participation, responsive policymaking, and increased efficiency in the provision of goods and services, i. Responding to decentralization acrobatics in tanzania. Of interest is that while the earlier focus of decentralization was on transfer of. It requires research and policy analysis to guide the process. Mar 02, 2017 the need for decentralization of health in particular was motivated by the desire to bring politicians and policy makers closer to client and in long run to make health systems more equitable, inclusive and fair as well as making services to be more efficient and effective. Decentralization by devolution longdom publishing sl. Decentralization by devolution is the strategy which has gained much popularity in the political and administrative arena in tanzania. A politically driven and ambitious decentralization program implemented by the authorities since the late 1990s has had mixed results in terms of enhancing service delivery.
Ddecentralization and ecentralization and llocal governance. Whereas local governments were assigned the responsibility to provide key public services, such as basic education and health services in the early. Today both developed and developing countries like corresponding author. Hsr aimed at bringing better utilization of scarce resources, improved quality of health services, increasing user access and cutting rising costs. Discourse on decentralization in the 1980s associated decentralization with increased citizens participation in decision making process urt, 1998. In designing decentralization policies and programmes it is essential to use a systemsapproach encompassing these overlapping social sectors and the different requirements which each makes. The decentralization process, which took effect in 20 created two equal governing bodies.
The decentralization policy for education in tanzania. Decentralisation of health systems and the fate of. Moreover, decentralization can help national government ministries reach larger numbers of local areas with services. Separate evaluation country reports were prepared as part of the evaluation. In order to assess implications of decentralization on propoor service delivery in tanzania for a decade or so, a desk study was carried out focusing on primary education and basic health services in local government authorities. Thus, the essence of decentralization is the vesting of decisionmaking power in the field offices. This strategy aims at devolving powers and authority from the central government to the local government to. It means centralization of authority once decentralized. When studying the education system in any context, researchers need to consider the powerful global actors, who, due to their dominance in the world order, influence and shape the nature and direction of education crossley, 2000.
Conception the introduction of the decentralization policy in namibia is a home grown idea not dictated to the country by any foreign. This policy is encouraged and partly initiated by the donor community. Tanzania daily news dar es salaam by ludovick kazoka in dodoma. The impact on primary head teachers and their instructional and managerial roles by grace rwiza a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in educational administration and leadership department of educational policy studies. Identifying the impact of decentralization may be especially problematic because decentralization programs are. There are five national policy priority areas in the country comprising of primary. Decentralization by devolution is the means to transfer the responsibilities for service provision to the grassroots levels in tanzania. Reflections on community involvement in the planning process in kizota ward in dodoma, journal of public administration and policy research, vol 17, november 2009, 3140. Decentralization policy development and lga planning and budgeting frameworks establishment of revised national decentralization policy increased awareness of the policy among relevant stakeholders finalization of joint government of tanzania got and development partner dp supported strategy for the implementation of the new policy. The deterioration of health services provision in tanzania from 1980s to 1990s made decentralization of health service provision through the health sector reform hsr a necessity. Even apart from the widely debated issues of subsidiarity and devolution in. Educational decentralization and school governance in south. Health sector reform and decentralization in tanzania. Decentralisation of health systems and the fate of community.
One of the core tenets of theories on decentralization is that if local governments dispose of a general competence to decide on policies and services, this will. Emerging concepts of decentralization and governance as the concept of decentralization evolved over the past half century, it has. Tanzania 1993 42 20 51 south africa 1993 44 40 86 source. Decentralization policy implementation in zambia publish. A study of the impact of decentralization on access to. The preeminence of one type over another would largely depend on the objectives of a decentralisation initiative, or the values of those designing it. Forty respondents were involved in the study in which the town clerkmayor, ward councilors and the general public were samples using stratified random sampling and purposive sampling respectively. Socialismarusha declaration 1967 and the decentralization policy.
One such policy is the national decentralization policy that was enacted in 2002 and launched in 2004 but has failed to reach its implementation potential to date. The dispersal of authority of decisionmaking to the lower level management is termed as decentralization. Decentralization is a complex phenomenon involving many geographic entities, societal actors and social sectors. In this article we employ a diagnostic framework to draw. The main drive of the policy is to ensure equitable political, economic, and social development throughout the country, and to be a cornerstone of the fight against poverty by increasing peoples participation in the planning and management. Decentralization reforms kai kaiser 3 6 t hree levels of analysis are outlined in this chapter that offer a potentially tractable means of mapping out poverty and social impact analysis psia for decentralization given the institutional characteristics of decentralization, the probable mechanisms of impact, and the likely avail. A large part of the decentralization literature is fragmented along political, fiscal, or administrative lines. In tanzania, human resource management hrm decentralization and reforms were initiated as an effort to address nontransparent and patronizing hr practices so as to improve public sector governance. Its uniqueness is reflected in the following aspects. Decentralization, citizen participation and local public. More than a decade of decentralization in tanzania.
The experience of decentralization reforms in tanzania is dramatic depicting the state of decentralizing but subsequently of recentralizing. School of public policy university of birmingham the spatial dispersion of rural population increases the cost and difficulty of providing basic goods and services effectively. Fiscal decentralisation overseas development institute. Chapter 1 the context of educational governance policy in south africa apartheid educational structures the nineties. Decentralisation and development in tanzania tanzania institutional diagnostic 2.
If, however, the current decentralization is not a positive sum solution for stakeholders, the lc system will not sustain the support by the people who really wish to grow out of poverty. Tanzania are pursuing decentralization policies urt, 2000. It is intended primarily for policymakers, in this case meaning civil servants and their. In tanzania, the decentralization, apart from health sector, crossed. This policy enthusiasm has inspired a huge wave of research seeking to identify the effects of decentralization on a range of policyrelevant outcomes, as well as attempts to understand why. The policy implications are highly relevant, particularly for developing countries. Review of the decentralization process and its impact on.
Kabwe municipal council in decentralization policy. Mzumbe university, local government management, mzumbe, morogoro, tanzania. World bank policy research working paper 3603, may 2005. Tanzania to a development strategy based on socialism and selfreliance. In ethiopia, where decentralization goes down to the third tier or woreda level, some woredas lack enough people who can read and write to operate the district governments swaroop. A framework with south asian and west african environmental cases.
Decentralisation of authority is a fundamental phase of delegation and the extent to which authority is. Based on an analysis of available literature, the paper documents the state of knowledge regarding rural service provision in uganda under decentralization and identifies knowledge gaps for further. Centralization is the opposite of decentralization. In tanzania, human resource management hrm decentralization and reforms were initiated as an effort to address nontransparent and patronizing hr. Tanzania national strategy on infant and young child nutrition. Tanzanias local government policy paper states clearly that fiscal decentralization in tanzania is based on a definition of the principles of financial discretionary powers that gives authority to lgas to levy local taxes, and that the central government has an obligation to supply lgas with adequate unconditional grants and other forms of. Decentralisation in uganda under the assumption that devolution has the potential to contribute to poverty reduction by providing opportunities for popular participation, responsive policy making, and in creased efficiency in the provision of goods and services, i here investigate the ugandan. Decentralisation of authority is a fundamental phase of delegation and the extent to which authority is not delegated is called centralisation. Aug 29, 20 tanzania s local government policy paper states clearly that fiscal decentralization in tanzania is based on a definition of the principles of financial discretionary powers that gives authority to lgas to levy local taxes, and that the central government has an obligation to supply lgas with adequate unconditional grants and other forms of. In a world bank policy research paper on decentralization and service delivery, ahmad, et al. Educational decentralization and school governance in. In this article we employ a diagnostic framework to draw these dimensions together in a coherent manner to focus on analyzing local government discretion and accountability in tanzania. Tanzania are pursuing decentralization policies urt.
This change made nationwide matters including policy and financial budgets the responsibility of the. The purpose of the study was specifically to provide a critical analysis of the zambia decentralization policy and its implementation challenges and suggest possible options for its. It is intended primarily for policy makers, in this case meaning civil servants and their. Uganda introduced the decentralization policy in 1997 under the local government act of 1997 that has since undergone four amendments. Decentralization has been a key policy of the government of rwanda since 2000 when the national decentralization policy was adopted.
Policy guidelines for micronutrient supplementation. Integration of epi services in tanzania at national level started in 1996, and decentralization to district level started in the year 2000. Decentralization and rural service delivery in uganda. Rural poverty, decentralisation and development kirubi maina business school nanjing normal university.
In uganda and tanzania, the lower tiers of government lacked the ability to manage public finances and maintain proper accounting procedures. In this article we employ a diagnostic framework to draw these dimensions together in a coherent manner to focus on analyzing local government discretion and accountability in. Decentralization system of governance in rwanda fortune. Decentralization is commonly viewed as the transfer of legal and political authority from the central government and its agencies to the field organizations and institutions. What is decentralization and explain its advantages and. During the first decade of independence, 196171, the government replaced native authorities with local officers who were democratically elected. Ince 1999, tanzania has been pursuing an active local government reform agenda based on the notion of decentralization by devolution united republic of tanzania, 1998. An important component of the reform is to increase the fiscal autonomy of local authorities. Challenges to the implementation of health sector decentralization in tanzania. Educational decentralization and school governance in south africa. This policy is encouraged and partly initiated by the. Producing high quality, relevant and timely policy analysis, policy monitoring, and reform proposals.
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